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Primer: Water Purification in the Outdoors
April 21, 2011, 9:45 am / Categories: Camping, Hiking, Climbing, Food / Hydration
Clean drinking water in the wilderness is never guaranteed. No matter how pristine the lake or stream, microbes like giardia and cryptosporidium can inhabit the waters, threatening illness that might wreck a trip or affect a camper weeks after they are home.
In the woods, I use multiple water-purification products, from tablets to pumps. Product weight, speed of purification, and filtration type are criteria I assess to choose the right weapon against the bacteria, viruses and protozoa that may exist in a particular place.
Drop-and-dissolve tablets, including Potable Aqua iodine ($7, www.potableaqua.com) and Katadyn’s chlorine-dioxide Micropur product ($12.95, www.katadyn.com), are my most common defense. They are relatively inexpensive, light weight, and easy to use — just add a tablet into your water and let it fade away and do its stuff.
But tablets have a few limitations. You often have to wait 30 minutes or so for the chemicals to take effect. There is an aftertaste, too, especially with iodine. And for cryptosporidium, a nasty contaminant found in some areas, tablets will take four hours or more to neutralize, making them nearly unusable except for overnight application.
Much faster than tablets, pumps like the HyperFlow Microfilter from MSR ($99.95, www.cascadedesigns.com) can purify liters of water per each minute of hand-pumping action. The HyperFlow is small and weighs about 7 ounces, making it more than suitable for backpacking.
The Platypus GravityWorks Filter ($109.95, www.cascadedesigns.com/platypus) is a neat option. It has two water reservoirs connected by a hose. Fill one side with “dirty” water and hang it up to let gravity do all the work. Water trickles from one reservoir to the other, passing through a filter for purification along the way.
Caveat: Both the MSR pump above and the GravityWorks Filter will eliminate protozoa and bacteria, but not viruses. Though rare on wilderness trips, viruses can be present around human habitation, notably in the water you may filter to drink on a trip through a developing country.
To expunge all biological contaminants — bacteria, protozoa, and viruses included — a product called the SteriPEN AdventurerOpti uses an ultra-violet light to neutralize suspect water. Simply dip the UV light wand into your water and let it shine for 90 seconds to “clean.”
I have used the AdventurerOpti ($89.95, www.steripen.com) on several trips, including a two-week trek in Nepal. It is easy to wield and lightweight at just 3.6 ounces. One downside: The SteriPEN does not work in cloudy liquid. You must filter murky water before zapping it with the magic UV light.
A final option, the old-fashioned trick of boiling water on a campfire is a foolproof purification plan. Boiling will kill all the bad stuff. But it is a slow process requiring a pot, an open flame, and then time to boil and, finally, wait for the water to cool before you can drink.
—Stephen Regenold is founder and editor of www.gearjunkie.com.
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A less popular, but very efficient, option is the MSR MIOX. It has a small reservoir of salt and a battery powered electrolyzer that creates mixed oxidants in a small reservoir of water. Pour this activated water in your bottle and everything gets killed. It has a much longer battery life than the SteriPen. It’s as light as the lightest reusable devices. The main drawback is that learning the right technique to dissolve the salt in the water reservoir is tricky.
I’ve used Aqua Mira on every trip for 5 years now after getting introduced to it on a NOLS course. Little to no taste beyond what the water already has. 20 minutes from filling the bottle to drinking w/o having to stop to pump. No batteries and you can take it into frozen locations (unlike a filter system).
I also think it is worth mentioning the sawyer drip filter. If weighs just about nothing and is 0.02 microns. I am waiting for them to come in stock, cant find them anywhere. I currently have an MSR sweetwater, which is great but a bit heavy and it would be nice to have a drip, set and forget.
It’s hard to beat Chlorine-dioxide tablets for the ultralight hiker/backpacker. Virtually weightless. And most of us aren’t likely to need to worry much about viruses. (Life is full of small risks everywhere). When planning to refill I usually save a swallow or two to wet my whistle before refilling – its more psychological than anything, but it helps stave off that “panic” of being parched without water. (I carry gum for the same reason-and that really works when stretching my water supply, though obviously its a temporary stalling measure.) Then I’ll fill an extra bottle and resume hiking. 30 minutes wait time goes by surprisingly quickly and then I drink that extra water to “camel up” and not carry the extra weight all day. If hiking somewhere where I was particularly concerned about viruses I’d probably use my steripen. But otherwise even the added 3.3 ounces is no real advantage to me. Most filter users should remember that for all that weight they still aren’t treating for viruses – so why carry the weight? Works for me.
In the wilderness, using a water-purification product is close to being hysteric. I’ve never used it and it has never caused me any problems. By drinking/fetching water from a fresh looking, moving stream you’ll avoid most risks.
I cannot think of anything that tastes better than water straight from the stream!
KO – Just because you have done it, and continue to do it doesn’t mean it is safe. There is great debate as to how much our water is contaminated, but there is no debate that things like Giardia, and cryptosporidium are out there. There is zero correlation between ‘fresh looking, moving stream’ and cleanliness. While I do agree that people tend to be paranoid about a lot of things. this is one that I think makes sense to cover your bases.
jpea – Just an FYI, in general intestinal issues from Giardia and Crypto take a week to ten days to show effects.
I am the owner of 7summitsgear. I always take with me some type of water purification. About a month back 6 of us went off to do Bluejohn’s Canyon in Southern Utah. We did 3 slots in one day, around 16 miles of hiking. Well we thought there was going to be water but not a drop to be found till the end of the last slot we found a small pool of stagnant water. I would have rather tried getting water from a bathroom stall at a truck stop is what crossed my mind while we filled up one of the bags with the katadyn hiker pro. After only getting about 100 oz of water before it clogged up with slim and goo we headed out with 5 hours of hiking left to go. We ran out of water with about 3 hours left. No wanted to drink the bluejohns water. We all finally broke down and had a sip of Bluejohn water and that 100 oz got all 6 of us back safely to are camp. A month later and we are all healthy and no Giardia, and looking to to do Neon canyon in a few more weeks.
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So, if you choose the pen, what filtering system do you use to clarify the water?